Journal: Current Research in Pharmacology and Drug Discovery

Article Title: Long-term, stable, targeted biodelivery and efficacy of GDNF from encapsulated cells in the rat and Goettingen miniature pig brain

doi: 10.1016/j.crphar.2020.04.001

Figure Lengend Snippet: (a) ELISA analysis of encapsulated clonal ARPE-19 ​cell lines demonstrates robust continued secretion of GDNF from clone-125. While GDNF secretion from clones 20 and 120 decreased between 4 and 8 weeks, secretion from clone-125 remained stable and even rose during the same period in vivo. (b) Immunohistochemistry of tissue sections at 8 weeks post implant confirms robust diffusion of GDNF from encapsulated clone-125 ​cells throughput the implanted striatum and overlying cortex. Scale bar, 500 ​μm in panel b and 75 ​μm in panel c. H&E staining on longitudinal sections of devices confirms excellent viability of encapsulated clone −125 ​cells. Clone-125 was used for all subsequent studies. Data are expressed as mean ​± ​SEM of 4 animals each with bilateral implants per group/time-point. ∗∗∗p<0.0001; Student's t test for unpaired data.

Article Snippet: A commercially available GDNF ELISA kit (DuoSet® for human GDNF R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) was used to quantify GDNF device secretion prior to implantation and again following retrieval from the brain.

Techniques: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Clone Assay, In Vivo, Immunohistochemistry, Diffusion-based Assay, Staining

Journal: Current Research in Pharmacology and Drug Discovery

Article Title: Long-term, stable, targeted biodelivery and efficacy of GDNF from encapsulated cells in the rat and Goettingen miniature pig brain

doi: 10.1016/j.crphar.2020.04.001

Figure Lengend Snippet: Long-term, sustained delivery of GDNF and resulting elevation tissue levels of GDNF within the implanted striatum. Fig. 2 a demonstrates that GDNF device secretion peaks early post implantation but then stabilizes and remains consistent for at least 6 months in vivo. Fig. 2 b confirms that GDNF delivery results in sustained tissue levels within the implanted striatum. When explanted from the striatum the output of the devices over time generally paralleled the enhanced tissue concentrations with an early peak in delivery followed by a longer, sustained output similar to that noted from the same devices immediately prior to implantation. All data are expressed as mean ​± ​SEM of 4 animals each with bilateral implants per time-point. BLQ ​= ​below limit of quantitation.

Article Snippet: A commercially available GDNF ELISA kit (DuoSet® for human GDNF R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) was used to quantify GDNF device secretion prior to implantation and again following retrieval from the brain.

Techniques: In Vivo, Quantitation Assay

Journal: Current Research in Pharmacology and Drug Discovery

Article Title: Long-term, stable, targeted biodelivery and efficacy of GDNF from encapsulated cells in the rat and Goettingen miniature pig brain

doi: 10.1016/j.crphar.2020.04.001

Figure Lengend Snippet: GDNF secretion from encapsulated cells implanted into intact versus 6-OHDALesioned.

Article Snippet: A commercially available GDNF ELISA kit (DuoSet® for human GDNF R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) was used to quantify GDNF device secretion prior to implantation and again following retrieval from the brain.

Techniques:

Journal: Current Research in Pharmacology and Drug Discovery

Article Title: Long-term, stable, targeted biodelivery and efficacy of GDNF from encapsulated cells in the rat and Goettingen miniature pig brain

doi: 10.1016/j.crphar.2020.04.001

Figure Lengend Snippet: Photomicrographs of substantia nigra stained for TH immunoreactivity illustrating loss of dopaminergic neurons following 6-OHDA and preservation of those neurons following GDNF treatment (a). Quantitation of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra demonstrates virtually complete protection of lesioned neurons (b). Data are presented as mean ​± ​SEM % of TH-positive neurons relative to the intact, non-lesioned hemisphere of 8 animals per group. Scale bars, 200 ​μm. Multiple comparisons were based on significant main effects of treatment resulting from the ANOVA described in Results: ∗∗p<0.01.

Article Snippet: A commercially available GDNF ELISA kit (DuoSet® for human GDNF R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) was used to quantify GDNF device secretion prior to implantation and again following retrieval from the brain.

Techniques: Staining, Preserving, Quantitation Assay

Journal: Current Research in Pharmacology and Drug Discovery

Article Title: Long-term, stable, targeted biodelivery and efficacy of GDNF from encapsulated cells in the rat and Goettingen miniature pig brain

doi: 10.1016/j.crphar.2020.04.001

Figure Lengend Snippet: Photomicrographs of striatum stained for TH immunoreactivity (a) and quantitation of TH fiber density (b) following 6-OHDA with and without GDNF treatment illustrates a robust ability of GDNF to preserve dopaminergic fibers. Scale bars ​= ​500 ​μm Data are presented as mean ​± ​SEM % of TH-positive fibers relative to the intact, non-lesioned hemisphere of 8 animals per group. Multiple comparisons were based on significant main effects of treatment resulting from the ANOVA described in Results: ∗∗p<0.01.

Article Snippet: A commercially available GDNF ELISA kit (DuoSet® for human GDNF R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) was used to quantify GDNF device secretion prior to implantation and again following retrieval from the brain.

Techniques: Staining, Quantitation Assay

Journal: Current Research in Pharmacology and Drug Discovery

Article Title: Long-term, stable, targeted biodelivery and efficacy of GDNF from encapsulated cells in the rat and Goettingen miniature pig brain

doi: 10.1016/j.crphar.2020.04.001

Figure Lengend Snippet: Normal weight gain and neurological performance is maintained in lesioned animals by implantation of GDNF devices. (a) Body weights of animals with and without GDNF treatment. (b–d) Performance in the cylinder, placing, and stepping tests are all significantly impaired at 2 and 4 weeks following intrastriatal injections of 6-OHDA. In contrast, performance on each of these tests is preserved by GNDF implants with treated animals performing comparably to pre-surgery levels (pre-implantation and pre-lesion). Data are presented as mean ​± ​SEM of 8 animals per group. Multiple comparisons were based on significant main effects or interactions resulting from ANOVAs that are described in Results: ∗∗p<0.01.

Article Snippet: A commercially available GDNF ELISA kit (DuoSet® for human GDNF R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) was used to quantify GDNF device secretion prior to implantation and again following retrieval from the brain.

Techniques:

Journal: Current Research in Pharmacology and Drug Discovery

Article Title: Long-term, stable, targeted biodelivery and efficacy of GDNF from encapsulated cells in the rat and Goettingen miniature pig brain

doi: 10.1016/j.crphar.2020.04.001

Figure Lengend Snippet: Long-term, normal weight gain (a) and neurological performance in rats receiving GDNF implants 1 month post 6-OHDA. Then evaluated for 62 weeks. Testing on both the cylinder and placing tests (b-c) revealed a smooth and ever growing improvement in performance over the 62 week testing period. Data are presented as mean ​± ​SEM of 8 animals per group. Multiple comparisons were based on significant main effects or interactions resulting from ANOVAs that are described in Results: ∗p<0.05.

Article Snippet: A commercially available GDNF ELISA kit (DuoSet® for human GDNF R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) was used to quantify GDNF device secretion prior to implantation and again following retrieval from the brain.

Techniques:

Journal: Current Research in Pharmacology and Drug Discovery

Article Title: Long-term, stable, targeted biodelivery and efficacy of GDNF from encapsulated cells in the rat and Goettingen miniature pig brain

doi: 10.1016/j.crphar.2020.04.001

Figure Lengend Snippet: GDNF immunoreactivity in rat striatum 62 weeks following implantation of encapsulated GDNF-secreting cells (a) is associated with a pronounced preservation of TH-positive fibers that normally occurs post 6-OHDA (b–c). Scale bars ​= ​500 ​μm.

Article Snippet: A commercially available GDNF ELISA kit (DuoSet® for human GDNF R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) was used to quantify GDNF device secretion prior to implantation and again following retrieval from the brain.

Techniques: Preserving

Journal: Current Research in Pharmacology and Drug Discovery

Article Title: Long-term, stable, targeted biodelivery and efficacy of GDNF from encapsulated cells in the rat and Goettingen miniature pig brain

doi: 10.1016/j.crphar.2020.04.001

Figure Lengend Snippet: Implantation of 2 clinical-sized devices into the right putamen of minipigs delivers GDNF for 12 weeks and produces widespread delivery of GDNF (a–b) throughout the implanted striatum. GDNF delivery is also associated with a profound biological upregulation on dopaminergic function as determined by enhanced TH-immunoreactivity and quantitative optical densitometry in the striatum (c–d). Scale bars ​= ​5 ​mm. Data are presented as mean ​± ​SEM of 6 animals. ∗p<0.05; ∗∗p<0.01, Student's t test.

Article Snippet: A commercially available GDNF ELISA kit (DuoSet® for human GDNF R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) was used to quantify GDNF device secretion prior to implantation and again following retrieval from the brain.

Techniques:

Journal: Current Research in Pharmacology and Drug Discovery

Article Title: Long-term, stable, targeted biodelivery and efficacy of GDNF from encapsulated cells in the rat and Goettingen miniature pig brain

doi: 10.1016/j.crphar.2020.04.001

Figure Lengend Snippet: Serum and CSF measurements following GDNF implants in minipig Brain.

Article Snippet: A commercially available GDNF ELISA kit (DuoSet® for human GDNF R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) was used to quantify GDNF device secretion prior to implantation and again following retrieval from the brain.

Techniques:

Journal: Ecotoxicology and environmental safety

Article Title: SCF/C-kit drives spermatogenesis disorder induced by abscopal effects of cranial irradiation in mice.

doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116504

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 6. SCF/C-kit drives spermatogenesis disorder induced by abscopal effects of cranial irradiation. (A) KEGG analysis of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). (B-C) The levels of mRNA and protein related to PI3K/Akt pathway in testis detected by qRT-PCR and western blotting, n = 6. The expression of P-Akt (D-E) and C-kit (L-M) in testis detected by IHC staining, Scale bar = 100 μm, n = 3. The levels of SCF and GDNF protein (F) and mRNA (G) in testis detected by ELISA and qRT-PCR. n = 6. The expression of VIM (H-J) and BrdU (O-P) in testis detected by IF staining, Scale bar = 50 μm, n= 3. The level of C-kit protein in testis detected by western blotting (K), n = 6. The level of PLZF mRNA in testis detected by qRT-PCR (N), n = 6. W: weeks.

Article Snippet: The levels of stem cell factor (SCF) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in the testis were measured with ELISA kits (E-EL-M0636C; E-EL-M3028; Elabscience).

Techniques: Irradiation, Quantitative RT-PCR, Western Blot, Expressing, Immunohistochemistry, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Staining

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Acellular nerve xenografts based on supercritical extraction technology for repairing long-distance sciatic nerve defects in rats

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.03.014

Figure Lengend Snippet: Evaluation of the cytotoxicity of the ANXs scaffold in vitro. (A, D) Living/dead double staining of Schwann cells grown on the ANXs scaffold for 3 days and 7 days (live: green, dead: red). (B, E) SEM images of Schwann cells growing on CD SD and CD + scCO 2 NG scaffolds for 7 days (the picture on the right is an enlarged view of the yellow area in the picture on the left). (C, F) Immunofluorescence images of Schwann cells growing on CD SD and CD + scCO 2 NG scaffolds for 7 days, respectively (S100: red, nucleus: blue). (G) Quantification of the number of live/dead double-stained Schwann cells in each region (0.36 mm 2 ). Data are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 3). (H) The CCK-8 assay was performed after 1, 3, 5 and 7 days of cell culture. Data are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 5). (I, J) Quantitative analysis of the GDNF and NGF expression levels of Schwann cells on the ANXs scaffold. Data are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 5). Statistical analysis: n.s. no significances, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05.

Article Snippet: In brief, the medium of each group was centrifuged at 1500 rpm and 4 °C for 10 min, the concentration of NGF and BDNF in the supernatant was assessed using ELISA kits, the rat GDNF ELISA kit (EK0363, BOSTER, China) and the rat NGF/NGFβ ELISA kit (EK0471, BOSTER, China), and the absorbance of each well at 450 nm was determined using a spectrophotometer (EPOCH TAKE 3, Bio-Tek, USA).

Techniques: In Vitro, Double Staining, Immunofluorescence, Staining, CCK-8 Assay, Cell Culture, Expressing

Journal: Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience

Article Title: Hypoxic culture of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived sEVs prompts peripheral nerve injury repair

doi: 10.3389/fncel.2022.897224

Figure Lengend Snippet: Cellular localization and uptake of fluorescently labeled sEVs with SCs. (A) Cellular colocalization: SP8 was used to photograph sEVs prelabeled with PKH67 (green fluorescence) with Hoechst 33,342 (blue fluorescence)-stained SC nuclei. (B) Western blot: Detection of ERK1/2, ZEB2, and c-JUN expression levels in NC Schwann cells and after 48-h treatment with hypoxia sEVs. (C) Real-time PCR: Inflammatory and other restoration-related factors (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, etc.) were detected. (D) ELISA test: GDNF NDF and NT-3 in the supernatant of Schwann cell preparation. Statistical significance, * p < 0.05,** p < 0.01, and **** p < 0.0001. *Significant difference.

Article Snippet: The following ELISA kits were: mouse glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), ELISA kit (CSB-E07341m, CUSABIO), mouse neurotrophin 3 (NT-3), ELISA kit (CSB-E04687m, CUSABIO), and mouse nerve growth factor (NGF), ELISA kit (CSB-E04684m, CUSABIO).

Techniques: Labeling, Fluorescence, Staining, Western Blot, Expressing, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: Oncotarget

Article Title: Melatonin promotes goat spermatogonia stem cells (SSCs) proliferation by stimulating glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) production in Sertoli cells

doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.12720

Figure Lengend Snippet: A. Light field of SSCs cultured with melatonin and GDNF, bar=50 μm. B. Cell density after being cultured with different cell mediums at 48 h. The initial number was 5*10 4 . C. QRT-PCR and western blot analysis of proliferation, self-renewal and Sertoli cell markers. D. Western blot analysis of proliferation and Sertoli cell markers. *, P<0.05,**, P<0.01.

Article Snippet: GDNF levels were determined by using a Human glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) ELISA Kit (BOSTER).

Techniques: Cell Culture, Quantitative RT-PCR, Western Blot

Journal: Oncotarget

Article Title: Melatonin promotes goat spermatogonia stem cells (SSCs) proliferation by stimulating glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) production in Sertoli cells

doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.12720

Figure Lengend Snippet: A. ELISA analysis of GDNF levels in the SSCs medium. B. Western Blot analysis of phosphorylation levels of AKT and ERK. *, P<0.05,**, P<0.01.

Article Snippet: GDNF levels were determined by using a Human glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) ELISA Kit (BOSTER).

Techniques: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Western Blot, Phospho-proteomics

Journal: ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering

Article Title: Promoting and Orienting Axon Extension Using Scaffold-Free Dental Pulp Stem Cell Sheets

doi: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01517

Figure Lengend Snippet: NTF expression by DPC sheets. (A) Analysis of the NTF mRNA expression using qPCR. Biological variability was evaluated by isolating mRNA from cell sheets formed using different human donor cells, denoting different human samples with HS. (B) Total BDNF, GDNF, and NT3 protein produced by DPC sheets, quantified by performing ELISA on the conditioned media of the sheets. Total protein was also normalized to average number of cells per cell sheet. The data represent an average of sheets formed using four different donor cells, and error bars indicate the standard deviation across biological replicates (*: p -value < 0.05, **: p -value < 0.005).

Article Snippet: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits for human BDNF (PicoKine ELISA Kit, Boster Biological Technology), GDNF (PicoKine ELISA Kit, Boster Biological Technology), and NT-3 (RayBiotech) were used to measure the protein concentration of the DPC sheet CM.

Techniques: Expressing, Produced, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Standard Deviation

Journal: Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience

Article Title: Activated Microglia Induce Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Produce Glial Cell-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Protect Neurons Against Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation Injury

doi: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00283

Figure Lengend Snippet: Conditioned medium (CM) from cultures of oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) activated BV2 and microglia (MG) stimulates glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) production by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). (A) BV2 or (B) MG cells were exposed to OGD for 4 h before the addition of CM to BMSCs. After 24 h, GDNF concentrations in the BMSC culture supernatants were determined by ELISA. ** P < 0.01. *** P < 0.001.

Article Snippet: GDNF concentrations in culture supernatants were determined using the rat GDNF ELISA Kit (Cusabio, Wuhan, China) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: Derivative Assay, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience

Article Title: Activated Microglia Induce Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Produce Glial Cell-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Protect Neurons Against Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation Injury

doi: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00283

Figure Lengend Snippet: Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), rather than interleukin-6 (IL6) or interleukin-1β (IL1β), elevates GDNF production by BMSCs. In (A) BV2 and (B) MG, OGD stimulates TNFα, IL6 and IL1β production. (C) GDNF production by BMSCs is promoted after treatment with TNFα for 24 h. (D) IL6 and (E) IL1β treatment for 24 h does not significantly change GDNF production by BMSCs. *** P < 0.001.

Article Snippet: GDNF concentrations in culture supernatants were determined using the rat GDNF ELISA Kit (Cusabio, Wuhan, China) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques:

Journal: Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience

Article Title: Activated Microglia Induce Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Produce Glial Cell-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Protect Neurons Against Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation Injury

doi: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00283

Figure Lengend Snippet: GDNF repairs OGD-induced neuronal injury. (A) Neuronal viability is promoted by pretreatment with GDNF after OGD, and is inhibited by GDNF-specific siRNA transfection. (B) TNFα, IL6 or IL1β suppresses neuronal viability. * P < 0.05. ** P < 0.01. *** P < 0.001.

Article Snippet: GDNF concentrations in culture supernatants were determined using the rat GDNF ELISA Kit (Cusabio, Wuhan, China) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: Transfection

Journal: Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience

Article Title: Activated Microglia Induce Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Produce Glial Cell-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Protect Neurons Against Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation Injury

doi: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00283

Figure Lengend Snippet: GDNF prevents OGD-induced neuronal injury. (A) Neuronal viability is promoted by pretreatment with GDNF before OGD, but is suppressed by anti-RET antibody treatment. (B) Neuronal apoptosis is reduced by GDNF pretreatment before OGD, but is improved by anti-RET antibody treatment. * P < 0.05. ** P < 0.01. *** P < 0.001.

Article Snippet: GDNF concentrations in culture supernatants were determined using the rat GDNF ELISA Kit (Cusabio, Wuhan, China) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques:

Journal: Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience

Article Title: Activated Microglia Induce Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Produce Glial Cell-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Protect Neurons Against Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation Injury

doi: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00283

Figure Lengend Snippet: GDNF regulates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase (MEK)/ERK and phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog (AKT) signaling pathways, but not the JNK/c-JUN pathway. Actin is used as an internal control. (A) The phosphorylated forms of MEK1/2, ERK1/2, PI3K and AKT (p-MEK1/2, p-ERK1/2, p-PI3K and p-AKT) are promoted by GDNF and suppressed by anti-RET antibody treatment. The phosphorylated forms of JNK and c-JUN (p-JNK or p-c-JUN) are barely changed by GDNF or anti-RET antibody treatment. (B) Relative protein levels based on Western blot results. NS, not significant. * P < 0.05. ** P < 0.01. *** P < 0.001.

Article Snippet: GDNF concentrations in culture supernatants were determined using the rat GDNF ELISA Kit (Cusabio, Wuhan, China) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: Protein-Protein interactions, Control, Western Blot

Journal: Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience

Article Title: Activated Microglia Induce Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Produce Glial Cell-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Protect Neurons Against Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation Injury

doi: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00283

Figure Lengend Snippet: GDNF helps to maintain mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and inhibit neuronal injury induced by OGD. (A) Western blot showing GDNF up-regulates B cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2) and heat shock 60 kDa protein 1 (HSP60) protein levels in neurons after OGD. Actin is used as an internal control. (B) Relative BCL2 protein level based on Western blot results. (C) Relative HSP60 protein level based on Western blot results. (D) Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay indicates that GDNF inhibits neuronal LDH leakage after OGD. (E) MMP assay indicates that GDNF helps to maintain neuronal MMP after OGD, but TNFα decreases MMP. NS, not significant. * P < 0.05. ** P < 0.01. *** P < 0.001.

Article Snippet: GDNF concentrations in culture supernatants were determined using the rat GDNF ELISA Kit (Cusabio, Wuhan, China) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: Membrane, Western Blot, Control, Lactate Dehydrogenase Assay, Mmp Assay

Journal: Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience

Article Title: Activated Microglia Induce Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Produce Glial Cell-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Protect Neurons Against Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation Injury

doi: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00283

Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic diagram of the effects of MG and BMSC on neurons revealed in this study. Following the stimulation by OGD, MG secretes TNFα, which further induces BMSCs to produce more GDNF. GDNF protects neurons against OGD-induced injury. Furthermore, TNFα secreted from MG induces inflammatory responses to suppress OGD-induced neuronal injury.

Article Snippet: GDNF concentrations in culture supernatants were determined using the rat GDNF ELISA Kit (Cusabio, Wuhan, China) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques:

Journal: Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B

Article Title: Zirconium oxide ceramic foam: a promising supporting biomaterial for massive production of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor *

doi: 10.1631/jzus.B1400163

Figure Lengend Snippet: GDNF productivity in ZrO2 ceramic foam astrocyte culturing system

Article Snippet: ELISA assessment of GDNF production The supernatants from the astrocytes culturing system were collected for ELISA assay using a rat GDNF ELISA kit (Promega) according to the protocol provided by the manufacturer.

Techniques: